| Item |
Definition |
Source |
| 1. Overview |
| Population |
This entry gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country on the world and within its region.
|
World Factbook |
| GDP (PPP: Purchasing Power Parity Theory) |
This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States.
|
World Factbook |
| GERD (Gross domestic expenditure on R&D) / GDP (%) |
Expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as % of GDP is also known as R&D intensity of the country. It presents the total R&D expenditures, including both current costs and capital expenditures, of the different sectors of the economy, expressed in relation to the gross domestic product of the country.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (PPP) |
Expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as % of GDP is also known as R&D intensity of the country. It presents the total R&D expenditures, including both current costs and capital expenditures, of the different sectors of the economy, expressed in relation to the gross domestic product of the country.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Business R&D expenditure (PPP) |
This measures the amounts spent on R&D over the various years by institutions corresponding to the business enterprise sector, independent of the source of funds.
The business enterprise sector includes:
- All firms, organizations and institutions whose primary activity is the
market production of goods or services (other than higher education) for
sale to the general public at an economically significant price.
- The private non-profit institutions mainly serving them.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Total R&D personnel |
R&D personnel are all persons employed directly on R&D, as well as those providing direct services such as R&D managers, administrators, and clerical staff. Persons providing an indirect service, such as canteen and security staff, should be excluded.
Headcounts (HC) and full-time equivalents (FTE): Data for this section should be reported in headcount (HC) and full-time equivalent (FTE) respectively. These are two different methods of accounting for human resources. HC are data on the total number of persons who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. This includes staff employed both “full-time” and “part-time”. FTE data are a measure of the actual volume of human resources devoted to R&D and are especially useful for international comparisons.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
Research and development personnel includes all persons employed directly on research and development [activities] , as well as those providing direct services such as research and development managers, administrators and clerical staff.
Those providing an indirect service, such as canteen and security staff, should be excluded, even though their wages and salaries are included as an overhead cost when measuring expenditure.
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
| Business R&D personnel |
Business R&D personnel are all persons employed directly on R&D, as well as those providing direct services such as R&D managers, administrators, and clerical staff in the business enterprise sector. Persons providing an indirect service, such as canteen and security staff, should be excluded.
The business enterprise sector includes:
- All firms, organizations and institutions whose primary activity is the
market production of goods or services (other than higher education) for
sale to the general public at an economically significant price.
- The private non-profit institutions mainly serving them.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Total number of researchers |
Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems and also in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate students at the PhD level (ISCED level 6) engaged in R&D should be considered as researchers.
Headcounts (HC) and full-time equivalents (FTE): Data for this section should be reported in headcount (HC) and full-time equivalent (FTE) respectively. These are two different methods of accounting for human resources. HC are data on the total number of persons who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. This includes staff employed both “full-time” and “part-time”. FTE data are a measure of the actual volume of human resources devoted to R&D and are especially useful for international comparisons.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products processes, methods, and systems, and in the management of the projects concerned.
Researchers are all persons in the International Standard Classification of Occupations-88 (ISCO-88) Major Group 2 “Professional Occupations” plus “Research and Development Department Managers” (ISCO- 88 1237). By convention, any members of the Armed Forces with similar skills performing R&D should also be included in this category.
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
| PCT international phase filings |
The number of applications filed through WIPO- administered the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by a patent office of the Contracting States for the protection of inventions under PCT.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| PCT national phase entries |
When a PCT applicant enters the national phase before a national or regional patent office to seek protection for his invention. It is referred to as national phase entry following the international phase of the PCT procedure.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Number of patents in force |
The number of patents in force provides information on the volume of patents with exclusive IP rights.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Trademarks in force by office |
The number of trademarks in force provides information on the volume of registered trademarks maintained by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Industrial designs in force by office |
The number of industrial designs in force provides information on the volume of registered industrial design maintained by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Internet users |
This entry gives the number of users within a country that access the Internet. Statistics vary from country to country and may include users who access the Internet at least several times a week to those who access it only once within a period of several months.
|
World Factbook |
| Fixed broadband Internet subscribers (per 100 people) |
Fixed broadband subscribers are users of the Internet who subscribe to paid high-speed access to the public Internet. High-speed access is at least 256 kilobits per second in one or both directions. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates. Note: Please cite the International Telecommunication Union for third-party use of these data.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers |
Mobile and fixed-line subscribers are total telephone subscribers (fixed-line plus mobile). Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates. Note: Please cite the International Telecommunication Union for third-party use of these data.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) |
Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, which provide access to the public switched telephone network. Post-paid and prepaid subscriptions are included. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Mobile cellular prepaid tariff (US$ per month) |
Mobile cellular prepaid tariff is based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's low-user definition, which includes the cost of monthly mobile use for 25 outgoing calls per month spread over the same mobile network, other mobile networks, and mobile to fixed-line calls and during peak, off-peak, and weekend times as well as 30 text messages per month. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Development Report and database.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports) |
High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Source: United Nations, Comtrade database.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports) |
Information and communication technology goods exports include telecommunications, audio and video, computer and related equipment; electronic components; and other information and communication technology goods. Software is excluded. Source: United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP) |
Information and communication technology service exports include computer and communications services (telecommunications and postal and courier services) and information services (computer data and news-related service transactions). Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Information and communication technology expenditure (% of GDP) |
Information and communications technology expenditures include computer hardware (computers, storage devices, printers, and other peripherals); computer software (operating systems, programming tools, utilities, applications, and internal software development); computer services (information technology consulting, computer and network systems integration, Web hosting, data processing services, and other services); and communications services (voice and data communications services) and wired and wireless communications equipment. Source: World Information Technology and Services Alliance, Digital Planet: The Global Information Economy, and Global Insight, Inc.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita) |
Public expenditure per student is the public current spending on education divided by the total number of students by level, as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Expenditure per student, secondary (% of GDP per capita) |
|
Public expenditure per student is the public current spending on education divided by the total number of students by level, as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita) |
Public expenditure per student is the public current spending on education divided by the total number of students by level, as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) |
Public expenditure on education consists of current and capital public expenditure on education includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| Scientific and technical journal articles |
Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences. Source: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| International Internet bandwidth (bits per person) |
International Internet bandwidth is the contracted capacity of international connections between countries for transmitting Internet traffic. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates.
|
World Bank, World Development Indicators |
| 2. General information |
| - Geography |
| Area |
This entry includes three subfields. Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Water area is the sum of the surfaces of all inland water bodies, such as lakes, reservoirs, or rivers, as delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines.
|
World Factbook |
| Capital |
This entry gives the name of the seat of government, its geographic coordinates, the time difference relative to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and the time observed in Washington, DC, and, if applicable, information on daylight saving time (DST). Where appropriate, a special note has been added to highlight those countries that have multiple time zones.
|
World Factbook |
| Geographic coordinates |
This entry includes rounded latitude and longitude figures for the purpose of finding the approximate geographic center of an entity and is based on the locations provided in the Geographic Names Server (GNS), maintained by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency on behalf of the US Board on Geographic Names.
|
World Factbook |
| Climate |
This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year.
|
World Factbook |
| - Government |
| Government |
This category includes the entries dealing with the system for the adoption and administration of public policy.
|
World Factbook |
| Currency |
This entry provides the official value of a country's monetary unit
|
World Factbook |
| - People |
| Literacy |
This entry includes a definition of literacy and Census Bureau percentages for the total population, males, and females. There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless otherwise specified, all rates are based on the most common definition - the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of the Factbook. Information on literacy, while not a perfect measure of educational results, is probably the most easily available and valid for international comparisons. Low levels of literacy, and education in general, can impede the economic development of a country in the current rapidly changing, technology-driven world.
|
World Factbook |
| Languages |
This entry provides a rank ordering of languages starting with the largest and sometimes includes the percent of total population speaking that language.
|
World Factbook |
| Ethnicity/race |
This entry provides an ordered listing of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population.
|
World Factbook |
| Religions |
This entry is an ordered listing of religions by adherents starting with the largest group and sometimes includes the percent of total population.
|
World Factbook |
| - Industry |
| Industries |
This entry provides a rank ordering of industries starting with the largest by value of annual output.
|
World Factbook |
| Natural resources |
This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.
|
World Factbook |
| 3. Research & Development Expenditure |
| Research & Development Expenditure |
R&D expenditures are all expenditures for R&D performed within a sector of the economy, including both:
- current costs (labour costs . annual wages and salaries and all associated
costs of researchers, technicians and supporting staff-, and other current
costs, such as non-capital purchases of materials, supplies and R&D
equipment - i.e. water, fuel, gas, electricity; books, journals, reference
materials, subscriptions to libraries, scientific societies; materials
for laboratories); and
- capital expenditures (reported in full for the period when they took
place and should not be registered as an element of depreciation).
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
Research and development expenditure is the money spent on creative work undertaken on a systematic basis to increase the stock of knowledge and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
| Gross domestic expenditure on R&D |
Expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as % of GDP is also known as R&D intensity of the country. It presents the total R&D expenditures, including both current costs and capital expenditures, of the different sectors of the economy, expressed in relation to the gross domestic product of the country.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| - R&D expenditure by spending sector |
| R&D expenditure by spending sector |
This measures the amounts spent on R&D over the various years by institutions corresponding to each of the different sectors (business enterprise, government, higher education, private non-profit organizations), independent of the source of funds.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Business/Industry |
The business enterprise sector includes:
- All firms, organizations and institutions whose primary activity is the
market production of goods or services (other than higher education) for
sale to the general public at an economically significant price.
- The private non-profit institutions mainly serving them.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Government |
The government sector is composed of:
- All departments, offices and other bodies which furnish, but normally
do not sell to the community, those common services, other than higher
education, which cannot otherwise be conveniently and economically provided,
as well as those that administer the state and the economic and social
policy of the community. (Public enterprises mainly engaged in market production
and sale of goods and services are included in the business enterprise
sector.)
- Non-profit institutions controlled and mainly financed by government, not administered by the higher education sector.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Higher education |
The higher education sector is composed of:
- All universities, colleges of technology and other institutions providing
tertiary education (i.e. ISCED 5A, 5B or 6 courses), whatever their source
of finance or legal status.
- It also includes all research institutes, experimental stations and clinics
operating under the direct control of or administered by or associated
with higher education institutions.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Private &/or non-profit FFRDCs (Federally Funded Research and Development Center) |
The private non-profit sector includes:
- Non-market, private non-market institutions serving households (i.e. general public).
- Private individuals or households.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| - R&D expenditure by source of funds (local currency) |
| R&D expenditure by source of funds (local currency) |
The sources are classified taking into account the sector of the economy they belong to as defined by the Frascati Manual (business enterprises; government; private non-profit organizations; and higher education), as well as ‘abroad’ for the external sources.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Business/Industry |
The business enterprise sector includes:
- All firms, organizations and institutions whose primary activity is the
market production of goods or services (other than higher education) for
sale to the general public at an economically significant price.
- The private non-profit institutions mainly serving them.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Government |
The government sector is composed of:
- All departments, offices and other bodies which furnish, but normally
do not sell to the community, those common services, other than higher
education, which cannot otherwise be conveniently and economically provided,
as well as those that administer the state and the economic and social
policy of the community. (Public enterprises mainly engaged in market production
and sale of goods and services are included in the business enterprise
sector.)
- Non-profit institutions controlled and mainly financed by government,
not administered by the higher education sector.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Higher education |
The higher education sector is composed of:
- All universities, colleges of technology and other institutions providing
tertiary education (i.e. ISCED 5A, 5B or 6 courses), whatever their source
of finance or legal status.
- It also includes all research institutes, experimental stations and clinics
operating under the direct control of or administered by or associated
with higher education institutions.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Foreign |
Abroad consists of:
- All institutions and individuals located outside the political borders of a country; and
- All international organizations (except business enterprises), including facilities and operations within the country’s borders.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| Other sectors (e.g. public research institutes) |
The private non-profit sector includes:
- Non-market, private non-market institutions serving households (i.e. general public).
-Private individuals or households.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
| 4. Research & Development Output |
| - Patents |
| Patents |
A patent is an exclusive rights granted by law to the applicant for the invention for a limited period of time (generally 20 years from filing). Patent rights can be obtained through the filing of an application at the relevant national or regional office(s), or by the filing a Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| PCT International Phase filings |
The number of applications filed through WIPO- administered PCT by a patent office of the Contracting States for the protection of inventions under PCT.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| PCT National Phase entries |
When a PCT applicant enters the national phase before a national or regional patent office to seek protection for his invention. It is referred to as national phase entry following the international phase of the PCT procedure.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Patents filing by country of office |
This entry indicates the number of applications for patents filed with a patent office for the protection of inventions. This number includes resident and non-resident applications.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Share of residents |
The percentage of resident applications filed with a patent office. A resident application is defined as an application filed with a patent office by an applicant residing in the country in which that office has jurisdiction.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Patents filing by country of origin |
The country of origin is the country of residence (or nationality, in the absence of a valid residence) of the first-named applicant in an application. The entry indicates the number of applications filed with patent offices around the world with an applicant residing the country.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Patents granted by country of office |
The entry indicates the number of patents conferred exclusive Intellectual Property (IP) rights by a patent office. For example, patents are granted to applicants (assignees) to make use of and exploit an invention for a limited period of time. The holder of the rights can prevent unauthorized use of the invention.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Share of residents |
The percentage of patents granted exclusive IP rights to residents by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Patents Granted by country of origin |
The number of patents granted exclusive IP rights to the country of residents by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Patents in force by country of office |
The number of patents in force provides information on the volume of patents with exclusive IP rights.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| - Trademarks |
| Trademarks |
|
A trademark is a distinctive sign, which distinguishes certain goods or services of one undertaking from those produced or provided by other undertakings. Trademark rights are limited to the jurisdiction of the authority that issues the trademark. Trademarks can be registered by filing an application with the relevant national or regional IP office(s), or by filing an international application through the Madrid System.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Application by country of office |
The number of applications for trademark filed with a patent office to seek the legal right to exclusive use of the mark in relation to the products or services.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Application by country of origin |
The country of origin of an application for trademark is the country of residence (or nationality, in the absence of a valid residence) of the first-named applicant in an application. The entry indicates the number of applications filed by the country of residence.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Registration by country of office |
The number of trademarks registered by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Registration by country of origin |
The number of trademarks registered by the country of residents.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Trademarks in force by country of office |
The number of trademarks in force provides information on the volume of registered trademarks maintained by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| - Industrial designs |
| Industrial designs |
|
Compositions of lines or colors or any three-dimensional forms that give a special appearance to a product or handicraft. They refer to the ornamental or aesthetic aspects of a useful article. Industrial designs are applied to a wide variety of industrial products and handicrafts. The holder of a registered industrial design has exclusive rights
against unauthorized copying or imitation of the design by third parties. Industrial design registrations are valid for a limited period. The term of protection is usually 15 years for most jurisdictions. However, differences in legislation do exist, notably in China (which provides for a 10-year term from the application date) and the US (which provides for a
14-year term from the date of registration).
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Application by country of office |
The number of applications for registration of a industrial design filed with a patent office to seek the legal right against unauthorized copying or imitation of the design by third parties.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Application by country of origin |
The country of origin of a application for industrial design is the country of residence (or nationality, in the absence of a valid residence) of the first-named applicant in an application. The entry indicates the number of applications filed by the country of residence.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Registration by country of office |
The number of industrial designs registered by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Registration by country of origin |
The number of industrial designs registered by the country of residents.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| Industrial designs in force by country of office |
The number of industrial designs in force provides information on the volume of registered industrial design maintained by a patent office.
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 |
| - Technology balance payments |
| Technology balance payments |
The technology balance of payments (TBP) registers the commercial transactions related to international technology and know-how transfers. It consists of money paid or received for the use of patents, licences, know-how, trademarks, patterns, designs, technical services (including technical assistance) and for industrial research and development (R&D) carried out abroad, etc. The coverage may vary from country to country and the TBP data should be considered as only partial measures of international technology flows
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
| Receipts from technology exports |
Technological payments and receipts correspond to four types of transactions between countries:
1. Technology transfers (patents, unpatented inventions, licences linked to patents, know-how).
2. Transfers of design (sales, licences, franchises), trademarks and patterns.
3. Provision of technical services (technical and engineering studies, and technical assistance).
4. Provision of industrial R&D.
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
| Payments from technology imports |
Technological payments and receipts correspond to four types of transactions between countries:
1. Technology transfers (patents, unpatented inventions, licences linked to patents, know-how).
2. Transfers of design (sales, licences, franchises), trademarks and patterns.
3. Provision of technical services (technical and engineering studies, and technical assistance).
4. Provision of industrial R&D.
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
| 5. Human Resources for R&D (by national survey and international organization) |
| Researchers |
Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems and also in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate students at the PhD level (ISCED level 6) engaged in R&D should be considered as researchers.
Headcounts (HC) and full-time equivalents (FTE): Data for this section should be reported in headcount (HC) and full-time equivalent (FTE) respectively. These are two different methods of accounting for human resources. HC are data on the total number of persons who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. This includes staff employed both “full-time” and “part-time”. FTE data are a measure of the actual volume of human resources devoted to R&D and are especially useful for international comparisons.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products processes, methods, and systems, and in the management of the projects concerned.
Researchers are all persons in the International Standard Classification of Occupations-88 (ISCO-88) Major Group 2 “Professional Occupations” plus “Research and Development Department Managers” (ISCO- 88 1237). By convention, any members of the Armed Forces with similar skills performing R&D should also be included in this category.
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
| Total R&D personnel (FTE) - Total |
R&D personnel are all persons employed directly on R&D, as well as those providing direct services such as R&D managers, administrators, and clerical staff. Persons providing an indirect service, such as canteen and security staff, should be excluded.
Headcounts (HC) and full-time equivalents (FTE): Data for this section should be reported in headcount (HC) and full-time equivalent (FTE) respectively. These are two different methods of accounting for human resources. HC are data on the total number of persons who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. This includes staff employed both “full-time” and “part-time”. FTE data are a measure of the actual volume of human resources devoted to R&D and are especially useful for international comparisons.
|
UNESCO Institute for Statistics |
Research and development personnel includes all persons employed directly on research and development [activities] , as well as those providing direct services such as research and development managers, administrators and clerical staff.
Those providing an indirect service, such as canteen and security staff, should be excluded, even though their wages and salaries are included as an overhead cost when measuring expenditure.
|
OECD Main Science and Technology 2010/01 |
